Kalmykia

Kalmykia is a region in Russia. Her human name is Nastasya Manjieva.

Appearance
Nastasya has got short wavy black hair. She has got brown eyes.

She dresses Kalmyk national cloth. For a more modern look, she wears a white sweater with black flared pants.

Perconality and interrsts
She is a private person.

Kalmykia from ancient times to the 17th century
The territory of Kalmykia in ancient times was inhabited by representatives of numerous tribes and peoples. Almost all the peoples of the steppe zone of Eastern Europe successively replaced each other on the territory of the Volga-Don interfluve: Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Huns, Pechenegs, Cumans. The territory of modern Kalmykia was the center of one of the early state formations of Eastern Europe - Khazaria, which had a profound influence on the history of Europe and Asia. In the 13th century, the entire territory was under the rule of the Golden Horde, after the collapse of which the Nogai roamed here.

The Kalmyks are the descendants of the Oirats (Western Mongols), who came from Dzungaria. The Oirats began to populate the space between the Don and the Volga from the middle of the 17th century, establishing the Kalmyk Khanate here.

Kalmyks began to move to Russia at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries due to the shortage of pasture territories and feudal strife within the Dzungar Khanate, which prompted the rulers of large Oirat ethno-political associations of the Torguts, led by the taisha Ho-Urlyuk, and the Derbets, led by Dalai Batyr, to migrate  in the steppe of Western Siberia, which, after the campaign of Yermak, became part of Russia. In 1608-1609, for the first time, they swore an oath of allegiance to the Russian Tsar. Subsequently, this part of the Oirats, whom the Russians, following the example of their Turkic-speaking neighbors, called Kalmyks, settled in the territory between the Emba, Yaik (Urals) and Volga.

The Kalmyk Khanate achieved its greatest power during the reign of Ayuki Khan (reigned 1669/1672-1724). Ayuka Khan reliably defended the southern borders of Russia, repeatedly made campaigns against the Crimean and Kuban Tatars.

Ayuka Khan waged wars with the Kazakhs, conquered the Mangyshlak Turkmens, and repeatedly made victorious campaigns against the highlanders of the North Caucasus.

Kalmykia in the XVIII—XIX centuries
The Kalmyk cavalry, first as an allied, later as an irregular part of the Russian army, took part in many wars of the Russian Empire - in the Northern War (1700-1721, a 3,000-strong detachment in the Battle of Poltava), in the Russian-Turkish wars, in the Russian-Polish war  (1654-1667), in the Russian-Swedish war (1741-1743), in the seven-year war (1756-1763), in the Persian campaign (1722-1723).

During the reign of Khan Donduk-Dashi (1741-1761), the tsarist government began to pursue a policy of limiting the khan's power. In the 1760s, the crisis in the khanate intensified due to the colonization of the Kalmyk lands by Russian landlords and peasants, the reduction of pasture land, the infringement of the rights of the feudal elite, and the interference of the tsarist administration in Kalmyk affairs. After the construction of the fortified Tsaritsynskaya line, thousands of families of the Don Cossacks began to settle in the area of ​​​​the main nomad camps of the Kalmyks. The narrowing of the nomadic area aggravated internal relations in the khanate. Under these conditions, the idea of ​​​​returning to their historical homeland - to Dzungaria, which at that time was under the rule of the Manchu Qing Empire, became widespread. On January 5, 1771, the Kalmyk feudal lords raised the uluses that roamed along the left bank of the Volga, and began their disastrous journey to Central Asia. This campaign turned into a national tragedy. On the way, the Kalmyk ethnic group, small in number, lost more than 100,000 people killed in battles, from wounds, cold, hunger, diseases, as well as captured, lost almost all livestock - the main wealth.

During the migration (Torgut escape or Dusty campaign)Russian Torguts and Khoshuts in 1771 to Dzungaria, which, after the defeat of the Dzungar Khanate in 1757-1758, was included in  the composition of the Manchurian Qing Empire (China), the main part of the European (Volga) Derbets and Derbet noyons with their troops remained in the places of their migrations in the Don, Volga and North Caucasus, as they did not agree with the migration to the citizenship of the Manchurian Qing Empire and did not want to leave the free  pastures in the interfluve of the Don and Volga and in the steppes of the North Caucasus. In addition to them, part of the Torgut and Khoshut uluses remained in the places of their nomads on the Volga and in the interfluve of the Volga and Yaik (Urals).

The rest of the Kalmyk people (mainly Torguts and Khoshuts), thanks to the policy of the largest of the Torgut and Khoshut noyons - advisers to the young governor of the Kalmyk Khanate Ubasha - noyon, who, due to his age and lack of life experience, was under their influence, as well as the influence of the highest Buddhist clergy,  who made an astrological forecast and calculated a favorable year and month for migration, went to the Manchurian Qing Empire. According to various historical sources, from 140-170 thousand (33 thousand wagons, according to other sources 30 thousand) from 70-75 thousand people reached the Qing Empire, the rest died on the way from disease, hunger, attacks by the Kirghiz - Kaisak (now Kazakh) tribes or were captured by the tribes of Central Asia.

In October 1771, Catherine II liquidated the Kalmyk Khanate. The noyons of the uluses that remained on the right bank of the Volga began to obey the "Expedition of Kalmyk Affairs", a bailiff was appointed to each ulus. Small groups of Kalmyks became part of the Ural, Orenburg and Terek Cossack troops. At the end of the 18th century, the Kalmyks who lived on the Don were enrolled in the Cossack class of the Don Host Region.

Having lost most of its population and two-thirds of its army and people after the departure of Ubasha, the Kalmyk Khanate was significantly weakened and was abolished in October 1771 by decree of Empress Catherine II. Later, in 1800, Emperor Paul I, thanks to the petitions of the Derbet taisha Chuchei Tundutov, for the military merits of the Derbets and Torguts remaining in Russia, restored the Kalmyk Khanate, but the khan's power was already limited then, but after the palace coup d'état and the assassination of Emperor Paul I, and changed  As a result of this state policy, later in 1803, under Emperor Alexander I, the Kalmyk Khanate was again abolished.

In 1786, the Kalmyk court (Zargo) was canceled and closed, all criminal and civil cases were transferred to the district courts[19].

Kalmyks continued to take part in Russia's wars with external enemies. In 1807, 5200 Kalmyk soldiers took part in various battles of the Russian army. In the Patriotic War of 1812, the Kalmyk steppe fielded three cavalry regiments, and separately from them, the Kalmyks of the Don Army Region took part in battles with the French army.

In 1860, the Bolshederbetovsky ulus was reassigned to the Stavropol province, as a result, the Kalmyk people were administratively divided. Until that date, all the uluses of the Kalmyk steppe were part of the Astrakhan province.

In 1892, the obligatory relations between peasants and feudal lords were abolished.

Kalmykia in the first half of the 20th century
With the outbreak of the Civil War, the south of Russia became one of the main theaters of battle between the Red Army and the Volunteer Army of Denikin and the Don Cossack Army of Krasnov. As a result of hostilities, by March 1920, all the uluses of Kalmykia were occupied by the Reds, and Soviet power was restored in the steppe. At the first all-Kalmyk Congress of Soviets, held from July 2 to 9, 1920 in Chilgir, the Kalmyk Autonomous Region was proclaimed. The congress approved the "Declaration of the Rights of the Kalmyk Working People". Orenburg, Kuma, and partly Don Kalmyks were resettled within Kalmykia.

As a result of the Civil War, the Kalmyk people were split. Kalmyks (Don) who participated in the white movement emigrated to Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, France and other Western countries.

Kalmykia was affected by collectivization: in 1929-1934, 2195 peasant families (almost 14 thousand people) were dispossessed, of which 1821 were evicted outside the region, the remaining dispossessed households were ruined and resettled in other regions of the region.

In 1935, the Kalmyk Autonomous Region was transformed into the Kalmyk Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic.

Kalmykia during the Great Patriotic War
During the Great Patriotic War in the summer of 1942, a significant part of Kalmykia was occupied by German troops, but by January 1943, the Soviet Army liberated the territory of the republic. Warriors of Kalmykia bravely fought on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War and in partisan detachments in the steppes of Kalmykia, in Belarus, Ukraine, Bryansk region, etc. The 110th Separate Kalmyk Cavalry Division distinguished itself in the battles for the Don and the North Caucasus.

The topic of the participation of the Kalmyk people in the Great Patriotic War for a long time in the USSR and for some time in the Russian Federation was under some kind of unspoken political taboo in connection with the problem of the “Kalmyk issue” - the transition of part of the population to the side of Nazi Germany. The sham of such a ban is obvious, because, despite the collaborationism that took place (for example, the Kalmyk cavalry corps), most of the Kalmyks heroically defended their homeland in the ranks of the Red Army (among the Kalmyks there are many who received various awards for military merit , including Heroes of the Soviet Union).

The accusation of the Kalmyk people of betrayal is refuted by the mass heroism of the Kalmyks at the front and in the rear. So, for courage and courage, several tens of thousands of soldiers, including 700 women, were awarded orders and medals. 22 natives of Kalmykia were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Kalmyks, Heroes of the Soviet Union: Badmaev E. L., Basanov B. M., Gorodovikov B. B., Gorodovikov O. I., Delikov E. T., Mandzhiev L. I., Sanjirov N. M., Selgikov M. A., Khechiev B. M. 6 soldiers of Kalmykia were awarded the high honor of participating on June 24, 1945 in the historic Victory Parade on Red Square in Moscow. Natives of Kalmykia, Heroes of the Soviet Union: Batashev N. I., Vorobyov N. T., Germashev I. V., Zhigulsky K. M., Zigunenko I. F., Krynin S. M., Lazarev G. M., Lopatin  A. A., Mergasov V. V., Metyashkin A. G., Popov F. G., Pyatkin G. Ya., Turchenko P. A., Khrapov N. K.

During the war period 1941-1943. The Kalmyk ASSR sent 38,778 people to the front, and taking into account active military service on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, 43,210 natives of the republic fought before the start of the war. In addition to them, about 300 people actively participated in reconnaissance and sabotage detachments operating behind enemy lines in the occupied territory of the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Stalingrad and Rostov regions, and the Ordzhonikidze region. During the same time, the republic delivered to the Red Army almost 30 thousand horses, hundreds of thousands of tons of meat and fish products, grain and other agricultural products, a significant amount of warm clothes, linen, shoes, and also handed over more than 100 million rubles.

Elimination of national autonomy
In December 1943, the Kalmyks were deported to Siberia. The deportation of the Kalmyks was seen as a measure of punishment for mass opposition to the organs of Soviet power, the struggle against the Red Army.

The deportation became a national catastrophe. From the moment of deportation until April 1946, there were 14,343 dead Kalmyk settlers. At the same time, the birth rate among the Kalmyks was extremely low. Of the 97-98 thousand deported Kalmyks in exile from 1943 to 1950, more than 40 thousand people died. The total losses of the Kalmyk people[specify] amounted to more than half of its total number.

The deportation of the Kalmyk people automatically led to the elimination of national autonomy. In 1944, the Kalmyk ASSR ceased to exist. Its districts were partially included in the administrative subordination of neighboring regions.

Only in 1956 the Kalmyks were rehabilitated.

Kalmykia in the postwar years

Kalmyk autonomy was recreated in two stages: on January 9, 1957 as an autonomous region within the Stavropol Territory, and on July 29, 1958 as an ASSR, but not within the former borders. The territories of the Volga and Dolbansky uluses (most of the modern Narimanov district and the Limansky district of the Astrakhan region), which were part of the republic until 1943, were not returned after the restoration of autonomy.

On October 18, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Kalmyk ASSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty, according to which the ASSR was transformed into the Kalmyk SSR. On May 24, 1991, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR approved this decision, amending Art. 71 of the Constitution of the RSFSR.

Modern period
On February 20, 1992, the Supreme Soviet of the Kalmyk SSR adopted a resolution renaming the republic into the Republic of Kalmykia - Khalmg Tangch;  On April 21, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia introduced a new name into the Russian constitution.

In 1993, the first president of the Republic of Kalmykia, Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, was elected.

In 1994, the “Steppe Code (Constitution) of the Republic of Kalmykia” was adopted, named so in memory of the “constitution” of the Dzungar Khanate, which confirmed the status of the republic as a subject and an integral part of the Russian Federation, while declaring the continuity of the Dzungar Khanate - the Republic of Kalmykia. The name of the republic was changed from the Republic of Kalmykia - Khalmg Tangch to the modern - Republic of Kalmykia.

In November 1998, the current president of Kalmykia, Ilyumzhinov, stated on one of the federal television channels that “Kalmykia can become an associated member of the Russian Federation or leave it altogether,” for which he received a large amount of rather harsh criticism from the heads of many federal government structures. The current head of state, Boris Yeltsin, ordered the Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation Nikolai Bordyuzha "to ensure unconditional observance of the Constitution of Russia." The next day, Kirsan Ilyumzhinov himself had to make excuses that his speech was not an official statement, but an ordinary interview in order to draw attention to the problems of the republic.

In 2009, the 400th anniversary of the voluntary entry of the Kalmyk people into the Russian State was celebrated. In honor of this event, the Bank of Russia issued the following commemorative coins on June 2, 2009.