Abkhazia or Republic of Abkhazia

Abkhazia is a unrecognized country in Asia. He bordering with Russia on North and with Georgia on South. His human name is Taif Shervashidze.

Appearance
He has got black wavy hair. He has got light blue eyes.

Summer
He is wearing a t-shirt (a white t-shirt with blue stripes).

He is wearing blue pants.

He puts on boots.

Also,he has got a palm-shaped pendant, meaning the palm on his flag.

Winter
The pendant has not gone anywhere, it is inside the sweater and black jacket.

He wears blue warm pants.

The black socks inside the brown warm shoes.

Perconality and interests
He is a kind and self-respecting person. He is the oldest brother of Ossetian Twins(North and South Ossetia).

What happened BC
In the IV millennium BC. e. in Abkhazia, not only agriculture and cattle breeding were developed, but also weaving, ceramics production, stone, copper and bronze processing;  exchange developed. In the II millennium BC. e. dolmen culture penetrated the territory of Abkhazia, from which numerous dolmens have survived to this day. At the end of the II millennium BC. e. Colchis culture spread throughout the region. It is expressed by a huge number of finds of items made of various metals (axes, jewelry, burial grounds, etc.). In the first millennium BC. e. on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, the first Colchis urban settlements began to appear.

Greek period
In the VI century BC. e. the coast of Colchis, including the territory of modern Abkhazia, was colonized by the Greeks, as evidenced by the finds of Greek ceramics of the archaic time in Gyuenos and at the Eshers settlement. The Greeks founded port cities-colonies (Dioskurias on the site of present-day Sukhum, Gyuenos on the site of Ochamchira, Pitiunt on the site of Pitsunda). This land received from the Greeks the name of Geniokhii, and the indigenous people were called geniokhs ("geniokh" from ancient Greek - charioteer, carter); Strabo and other ancient Greek written sources mention numerous tribes on the territory of modern Abkhazia. In the V-IV centuries BC. e. Bronze helmets and other objects and materials get to the North Caucasus through the pass routes controlled by the Greeks. In the same period, the first silver coins, Colchis, minted in the coastal Greek cities, also penetrated into the local environment.At the same time, horse burials with bridle sets characterizing the Scythian culture of the Kuban region are often found on the territory and in the vicinity of Greek cities. Excavations of settlements in Ochamchira and Esher showed that the Greeks here originally lived in log houses, and their shape was borrowed from the local population. In addition to imported, Hellenes widely used local molded and pottery utensils in everyday life. The latter was brought with them to their dwelling by their wives, whom the Greeks willingly took from the local ethnic environment.The heyday of the Greek colonies on the territory of modern Abkhazia fell on the Hellenistic period of the 3rd-1st centuries BC. e .. The most developed policy was Dioscurias. At the end of II - beginning of I centuries. BC e.  This city was the stronghold of the Pontic kingdom.

Roman period
From 64 BC Colchis, including Abasgia, came under the control of the Romans. Roman garrisons appeared at Pitiunte and Dioscuriades, renamed Sebastopolis by the Romans. Under the rule of Rome were formed by the 1st century AD. e. local tribal associations of Apsils, Abazgs and Sanigs. It is no coincidence that the leading centers of Apsilia were concentrated in the Tsebelda valley on the way to the Klukhor pass road, which interested the Romans from the moment they appeared on the coast.Detailed information about the Apsils is contained in the notes made by the commander Lucius Flavius ​​Arrian in 137 AD. e. while visiting Dioscurias-Sebastopolis. The clearest information on this issue for the 6th century was preserved by Procopius of Caesarea, who located the Apsilians on the Black Sea coast from the place where this coast makes a sharp turn to the west (southeast of modern Ochamchira) to the fortress of the Abasgians of Trachea (modern New Athos), and their limits in the mountains to the border with the Alans, that is, to the passes of the Greater Caucasus.

Middle ages
In the 4th and 5th centuries, Abasgia was subordinated to Lazika. In the 4th century, Christianity was already spread in Abkhazia, the bishop of Pitiunta took part in the First Council of Nicaea. By the 6th century, Abasgia (between the Gumista and Bzyb rivers with the capital in Anacopia) was subordinated to the Eastern Roman Empire. In the 6th century, the interests of the two greatest powers of that time, the Sassanid State and the Byzantine Empire, clashed on the territory of the North-Eastern Black Sea region. In 542, the Byzantine garrisons, under pressure from the Persians, were withdrawn from Sebastopolis and Pitiunt. Having lost the ability to control the Abasgians with the help of brute force, the Byzantines resorted to diplomacy.Around 548, an envoy of the Abasg emperor Euphrates arrived in Abasgiya, who managed to achieve the introduction of Christianity here as the official religion; Christian churches were built, the Abazgian Archdiocese appeared as part of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, which had a cathedra in Sebastopolis. The first Christian temple was built in Pitiunt under Justinian. The Abasgams, as Christians, were granted equal rights with the Byzantines. Local princes were forbidden to sell their fellow tribesmen into slavery, while earlier the slave trade was widespread. The Byzantines, who settled among the Abasgians, tried to introduce general imperial orders in the country, which caused indignation of the local population, supported by the tribal elite, infringed in their rights. Know tried to restore the former order of life. The country was again divided into two parts, headed by the kings Opsit and Skeparna, who, taking advantage of the difficulties of Byzantium in Central Colchis, where it seemed that the Persians were beginning to win, actually separated from the empire. In the summer of 550, a Persian army led by Nabed came to Abasgia, which led to the defeat of the Byzantine party. Having learned about the situation in Abasgia, Emperor Justinian ordered to suppress the rebellion. The Byzantines, transferred by sea, laid siege to the Abasgian fortress of Trachea and took it by storm, capturing the wives of the Abasgian kings with all their offspring and close associates. In Apsilia, local residents independently destroyed a detachment of Persians and, citing the lack of help from the Byzantines and Lazians, declared themselves independent for a short period. In 553, a Byzantine detachment reappeared in the center of Apsilia Tsibilium (Tsebelda), which repelled the advance of the Persians. In May-November 556, a 4,000-strong Byzantine army was in Apsilia, which participated in the suppression of the uprising of the Misimians, who were trying to separate from Lazika and Byzantium standing behind it. The Misimians, close in language and culture to the Apsilians, received Persian help for a short time, but were then defeated by the Byzantines. Throughout the 7th century, Abasgia, Apsilia and Misiminia remained dependent on the Byzantine Empire, becoming, in fact, its remote northeastern provinces. In 623, the Abasgians took part in the Transcaucasian campaigns of Emperor Heraclius I, who chose Colchis as a base for the final expulsion of the Persians from these regions. During this period, the Anakopia fortress was erected - the largest defensive structure on the Caucasian coast of the Black Sea, which included in its ensemble the construction of the fortress of the Abasgians of Trachea as a citadel.In the 7th - early 8th centuries in Abasgia, as in neighboring Apsilia, there was hereditary power. A list of these persons, called the "Divan of the Abkhazian kings", has been preserved. The first in this list is Anos, the second is Gozar, the third is Justinian, the fourth is Filiktios, the fifth is Kaparuki (Baruk), the sixth is Demetrius I, the seventh is Theodosius I, the eighth is Constantine I, the ninth is Theodore I, the tenth is Constantine II and eleventh - Leon I, and all of them, except the last, were the sons of their predecessors and only Leon was the younger brother of Constantine. According to the chronicles, Constantine II was married to the daughter of the Khazar king, whose sister was married to the Byzantine emperor Constantine V. The ruling dynasties of Abasgia were closely connected with Byzantium by dynastic, ecclesiastical and political ties.

Arab period
At the very end of the 7th century, the Arabs invaded Western Transcaucasia, who, having reached Apsilia, placed their garrisons in it. The rulers of Abasgiya also took a pro-Arab position.In 711, the future emperor of Byzantium, Leo the Isaurian, crushed the resistance of the pro-Arab party, restoring Byzantine power in Abasgia and northern Apsilia. However, the lands to the south were under the rule of the Arabs and the Byzantines could not conquer the south of Apsilia and Megrelia from them (it stretched from southern Abkhazia to the Chorokh River (later part of Megrelia was occupied by the Gurians, Rachinians, Imeretians and Adjarians, pushing them to the north of Megrelia), the Byzantines could not. on its northern coast (in the valleys of the Kodori and Enguri rivers) there were Byzantine camps, and the settlements were in the hands of the Muslims, who not only sent their garrisons, but also sent peaceful Arab residents (mainly merchants and clergy) who could not stand the cold climate of Kartli,  Armenia and Dagestan.In 737, an Arab army led by Murvan Kru (Deaf) invaded Transcaucasia.  Nobody could stop him.  But Abasgia, whose passages were blocked by Anacopia from the east, were more fortunate than Apsilia.  The East Georgian, Kartli kings Mir and Archil fled to Abasgia and took refuge in Anakopia, where a decisive battle with the Arabs took place. The besieged were helped by the fact that the fortress was a barrier of exceptional power, and the approaches to it were difficult. In addition, an epidemic broke out among the Arabs, which helped to defeat the invading Arab army. [C]The defeat of the Arabs near Anakopia received wide publicity, playing an important positive role in the history of the Eastern Black Sea region. The favorable situation contributed to the promotion of the ruler of Abasgia Leon to one of the first places in the hierarchy. At his disposal was not devastated and not bled, like other areas of Colchis (Lazika (part of the territory that is now in Turkey), Misiminia, Apsilia), the Principality of Abasg (with the exception of the territory of Megrelia, which was destroyed, Tsikhe - Goji (Nokalakevi) Arabs razed to the ground). When this became known to the Byzantine emperor Leo the Isaurian, he sent two royal crowns and a letter to the Kartli kings Mir and Archil, transferring the territory of the former Laz kingdom to them, and the seaside Lazika went to Mir. To Leon, Leo confirmed his hereditary right to own Abasgia. In 780, Megrelia and the South of Apsilia were liberated from the Arabs, which were seriously affected by the invaders. However, the Arabs were completely expelled from these lands only in the middle of the 9th century. At In this, most of the Arabs, as in other occupied areas, assimilated with the local population. The capital of Abkhazia was also transferred to the lands of Megrelia. Kutaisi was founded.

Abkhazian kingdom
In the VI century, the formation of the Abkhazian kingdom began with its capital in Lykhny, which flourished under Leon I (VII century) and achieved complete independence from Byzantium and the Caliphate in the VIII century under Leon II. In fact, the Abkhazian kingdom included not only Abkhazia, but also Western Georgia. Numerous cities, fortresses and temples existed in the Abkhazian kingdom. The population traded with neighboring states, the countries of the Middle East and the Mediterranean. The Abkhazian kingdom was significantly strengthened in the 9th - the first half of the 10th centuries. From the beginning of the 9th century, the Abkhazian kingdom fought with the Tao-Klardzhet and Kakhetian kingdoms for hegemony in Western Transcaucasia. The Abkhaz kings George (d. 955) and Leon III (955-967) subjugated part of Kakheti and the northern part of Tao-Klarjeti, but the weakening of the kingdom under Demeter (967-975) due to feudal strife did not allow Tao-Klarjeti to be completely captured. The local Anosid dynasty that ruled the Abkhazian kingdom was cut short and power passed through the female line to the 975 Tao-Klardzhet Bagratids. Although the Georgian culture began to replace the Byzantine two centuries earlier, with the transfer of the center of the kingdom from Abkhazia to Imeretia. The state essentially became Georgian. Trade with Byzantium flourished; the population was engaged in agriculture (in the coastal strip) and cattle breeding (in the mountainous part). At the same time, the primitive communal system was preserved in some mountainous regions.

Between the Ottoman and Russian empires
In the second half of the 16th century, the dependence of Abkhazia and Western Georgia on the Ottoman Empire increased, which built numerous fortifications on the Black Sea coast - Sukhum-Kale (the future Sukhum), Poti, Anapa, etc. A significant part of the population of Abkhazia was converted to Islam; the resistance of the Abkhazians to the destruction of their spiritual and material values ​​was expressed in anti-Turkish uprisings (1725, 1733, 1771, 1806, etc.). From the end of the 18th century, the Abkhazian princes sought salvation from the Ottoman oppression - and found it in the form of the patronage of Russia. Prince Keleshbey, who in 1803 asked for Russian citizenship, was killed in 1808 as a result of a pro-Turkish conspiracy. His son Safarbey (George) in 1809 suppressed the supporters of Turkey and turned to the Russian government with a request for patronage. The request was granted: on February 17 (March 1), 1810, the Manifesto of Alexander I was issued on the annexation of the Abkhaz principality to the Russian Empire. In general, during the entire first half of the 19th century, Abkhazia continued to be the same feudal principality as it was in the 18th century, although some social changes took place in it due to joining Russia. After the approval of the Russian flag in the fortress of Sukhum-Kale, the pro-Turkish prince Aslan Bey and his supporters settled in Turkey and for many years waged a struggle against Russia from there. The central government in Abkhazia has weakened. Civil strife broke out with the same fury. The first protege of Russia in Abkhazia, the sovereign prince George Shervashidze (Safar Ali Bey) ruled for almost eleven years. After the death on February 7, 1821 of the ruler Georgy, "anxiety and indignation" broke out in Abkhazia. The son of the late prince Omar-bey (Dmitry), who was in St. Petersburg, received the rank of colonel, and the tsar appointed him ruler of Abkhazia. A few months later, in October, Aslan Bey, with the support of his relatives Dzhigets (Sadzes), Ubykhs and Pskhuvtsy, raised an uprising, “mastered all of Abkhazia” and besieged the Sukhumi fortress. However, Prince Gorchakov arrived in time with the troops and defeated the rebels. Being brought up in Russia from an early age and not knowing the Abkhaz language, young Dmitry Shervashidze enjoyed even less authority in Abkhazia than his father. Misunderstood by the people and the feudal elite, he lived almost without a break in the Sukhumi fortress. About a year passed, and Prince Dmitry was poisoned on October 16, 1822 by the peasant Urus Lakoba. By order of General Yermolov, Urus was hanged in September 1823 in Lykhny by a Russian detachment at the owner's house. Shortly after the death of Dmitry, on February 14, 1823, the emperor granted his brother Hamudbey (Mikhail) the title of sovereign prince | Abkhazia, the rank of major and a salary of 1 thousand silver rubles annually. The power of the underage Mikhail turned out to be very weak. In 1824, an uprising broke out again, which engulfed the whole of Abkhazia and lasted three years. The owner had to leave the borders of his country. He returned only in 1830 with a detachment of the "Abkhaz Expedition", sent to build coastal fortifications in Bambory near Gudauta, in Pitsunda and in Gagra. Russian garrisons were placed in these forts. The plan of the "Abkhaz Expedition", developed by Count Paskevich and approved by Tsar Nicholas I, set as its ultimate goal to establish a land connection from Poti to Anapa. The direct conduct of this expedition was entrusted to General Hesse, who landed in Sukhum in July 1830 with a detachment of 2 thousand bayonets and cavalry. But the task was not completed. Hesse was unable to build a road from Anapa to Gagra. The Gagra fortification became an obstacle in the way of the Dzhigets and Ubykhs, and was nicknamed the "Caucasian Thermopylae". In August 1830, the Ubykhs and Djigets, led by Khadzhi Berzek Dagomuko (Adagua-ipa), launched a desperate assault on the fort in Gagra. Such stubborn resistance forced General Hesse to abandon further advance to the north. Thus, the coastal strip between Gagra and Anapa, thanks to the steadfastness of the Sadz, Ubykh and other tribes, remained free from Russian troops. The fortifications of Gagra, Pitsunda, Bambora, Mramba (near Tsebelda), the fortress of Sukhum and the military posts of Dranda, Kvitaul (Kutol), Ilori, made up the third branch of the Black Sea coastline.With the strengthening of the Russian presence, the power of the ruler Mikhail Shervashidze, who firmly settled in Lykhny, also increased. In the interests of further strengthening its control in Abkhazia, the Russian command is taking steps to strengthen the power of the ruler. In 1837, General Rosen led an expedition (8 thousand bayonets) to Tsebelda against the recalcitrant highlanders, and obtained an "oath of allegiance" from some of the princes of Marchania. Despite the cruelty of the Tsebelda expedition, he did not enter the Dal tract: the Dalians expected help from the Ubykhs and tried to establish contact with Shamil. A powerful uprising broke out on the Black Sea coast in 1840. Started by the Ubykhs, Shapsugs, Sadzes, it also spread to the mountain communities of Abkhazia - to Tsebelda and Dal. Under the influence of the Ubykhs, an insurrectionary movement began to develop among the Kodori Abkhazians, led by a desperate abrek from the village. Chlou Ismail Japua. In October 1840, the head of the Black Sea coastline, General N. N. Raevsky, reported: “The Tsebelda people are incited by the Ubykhs ... In Abkhazia, part of the people is ready to rebel against the ruler and join the Ubykhs.” At the same time, 2,500 Sadz and Ubykhs, led by Hadji Berzek, appeared on the banks of the Bzyb and sent messengers to the Dalians in the Kodori Gorge. Raevsky asked for help. In December 1840 - January 1841, the punitive expedition of Colonel N. N. Muravyov attacked Tsebelda and especially Dal (the village of Lata). The Dalians, despite stubborn resistance, were evicted to Tsebelda, and their dwellings and winter food supply were burned. In retaliation, a detachment of a thousand Ubykhs, Kerantukh Berzek, the nephew of Khadzhi Berzek, attacked in February 1841 the village of Otkhara, owned by the ruler Mikhail, and on the way back attacked the Gagra fortress, where they were met with gunfire. Prince Mikhail Shervashidze took part in the fight against the highlanders together with the Russian troops. In 1843, a punitive expedition led by the owner was sent to the Pskhu tract. During this period, Shamil achieved great success in the struggle for the freedom of the Caucasus. The movement continued from 1834 to 1859. Shamil sought to involve the peoples of the Western Caucasus in the movement. To this end, in 1848, his naib Mohammed-Emin conducted propaganda among the Sadzes, Ubykhs and came into contact with the leader of the Tsebelda and Dalian abreks, Eshsou Marshania. The insurrectionary movement in Abkhazia continued for a long time. In the summer of 1857, Ubykhs and Sadzy-Dzhigets repeatedly stormed the Gagra fortification. Mohammed-Emin reappears not far from these places. Under the influence of the Ubykhs, an uprising flared up in mountainous Abkhazia. In January 1859, an expeditionary detachment under the command of General Loris-Melikov was moved to Pskhu, soldiers, Cossacks, 3,000 militias and artillery led by General Korganov were sent, who met fierce resistance from the military union of the highlanders (Aibga, Akhchipsu, Pskhu, Tsebelda). During the years of the Crimean War (1853-1856), Turkey, in alliance with England, France and Sardinia, opposed Russia. After a long siege and the capture of Sevastopol by the Allied forces, the Turkish commander Omar Pasha landed in Sukhum in October 1855 with an army of many thousands and moved in the direction of the river. Enguri, where a great battle took place on December 25, 1855. On the part of the Russian Empire, the Guria detachment under the command of Prince Bagration-Mukhransky acted here. In this detachment, along with Russians and Georgians, some Abkhaz officers also fought, and the ethnographer Lieutenant Colonel Solomon Zvanba fell in battle. Having won the Battle of Inguri, the Turks moved to the borders of Megrelia, pushing the retreating Guria detachment further and further. Omar Pasha tried to divert the Russian army from the siege of Kars. The governor N. N. Muravyov regrouped his forces and in the spring of 1856 expelled the Turks from Abkhazia. A few months later, on July 10, the Russians entered Sukhum. Sovereign Prince Mikhail Shervashidze also returned. The war in Abkhazia caused a mass exodus of the population. After the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War, the tsarist administration accused the ruler Michael of supporting the Turks. The governor of the Caucasus raised the issue of abolishing the Abkhazian principality, but the tsar left this idea unattended for the time being. The peculiar autonomy of the Abkhaz principality existed in the Caucasus longer than others. In the 50s. 19th century General P. K. Uslar came to the following conclusion: “Abkhazia plays a very important role in the general system of the Caucasian military policy. This country, together with Tsebelda, for a long distance of its borders, comes into contact with the lands of the recalcitrant Circassians, crashing into the least accessible parts of the Caucasus. Abkhazia should serve as a stronghold for the Western part of Transcaucasia and a conductor of our influence on Circassia. Close attention to Abkhazia intensified after the Crimean War and the conquest of the Eastern Caucasus, which ended in August 1859 with the capture of Shamil in Dagestan. The end of Shamil extremely complicated the position of the mountaineers of the Western Caucasus. They were squeezed between the Russian troops on the Black Sea coast and the mountains. Despite the encirclement, the Circassians, Ubykhs and the Western Abkhaz tribes of the Sadz continued their unequal struggle with the Russian Empire for another five years. The highlanders counted on the support of England, France and Turkey, but the governments of these countries no longer pinned any hopes on the Caucasus. In June 1861, on the initiative of the Ubykhs, a parliament-mejlis "Great and free meeting" was created near Sochi. Ubykhs, Shapsugs, Abadzekhs, Akhchipsu, Aibga, coastal Sadzes sought to unite the mountain tribes "into one huge shaft." A special delegation of the Mejlis, headed by Izmail Barakay-ipa Dziash, visited a number of European states.Polish revolutionaries took an active part in the liberation struggle in the Western Caucasus, who planned to simultaneously raise the Abkhaz-Circassian and Polish uprisings against the Russian Empire. The Polish revolutionaries even dreamed of building a “nest of Polish eagles” here, attracting the son of Garibaldi Menotti, European volunteers, Abkhazians, Circassians to their side, and taking the city of Odessa with a swift maneuver. In May 1864, Russia celebrated victory in the Caucasian War with a parade in Krasnaya Polyana - in the Abkhazian tract of Gubaadva, in the upper reaches of the river. Mzymta. The last resistance to the Russian troops in the Caucasus was provided by the Western Abkhazian tribe of mountain sadzes of the recalcitrant communities Pskhu (upper reaches of the Bzyb river) and Aibga (between the Psou and Bzyb rivers, upstream of the upper Khashupse river). In suppressing the last pockets of resistance in the Caucasus, the Georgian militias, loyal servants of the autocracy, also played an important role. Together with the Russian troops, they took part in the victory parade at Krasnaya Polyana on May 21, 1864. In June 1864 the tsar abolished the Abkhaz principality. Abkhazia was renamed the Sukhum military department of the Empire. On July 12, 1864, General P. N. Shatilov became the head of the department. On the eve of the liquidation of the Abkhaz principality, the governor of the Caucasus, Mikhail Romanov, presented a plan for the colonization of the eastern coast of the Black Sea. Alexander II approved the presented plan for the settlement of the territory by the Cossacks from the mouth of the Kuban to the Inguri. The Russian authorities demanded from the Ubykhs and the Abkhaz highlanders to leave their native places. Ubykhs (up to 45 thousand people) and Sadzes (20 thousand) almost completely moved to Turkey. In recent years, the ruler Mikhail Shervashidze had a great influence on the highlanders of the North-Western Caucasus - Sadzes, Ubykhs, Shapsugs, Abadzekhs. At the beginning of his reign, he was a protege of Russia. For services to the imperial crown, the owner received the rank of lieutenant general. He was in power from 1823 to 1864, but he was able to strengthen his position only in 1840. In November 1864, the seriously ill ruler Mikhail was arrested and exiled, first to Stavropol, then to Rostov and on August 17, 1865 for permanent residence in Voronezh, where soon, on 16.04 .1866, deceased. The body of the last ruler was transported to Abkhazia and buried in the Mokva Cathedral. A few months after his tragic death, an uprising broke out in Abkhazia. It began on 07/26/1866 with a people's gathering in the village of Lykhny. On this day, the head of the Sukhumi military department, Colonel Konyar, several officials and 54 Cossacks were killed. The uprising rapidly spread from the village of Kaldakhvara to Tsebelda, Dala and Sukhum. Up to 20 thousand people took part in it. The reason for the indignation was "the announcement of the manifesto to the people on the basis of serfdom, which did not exist among this people, therefore, inapplicable to it." So Prince George Shevarshidze, the son of the last ruler, wrote later. The authorities in a very rude manner announced that the people were freed from their masters for a ransom. The “ankhayu” peasants (the bulk of the population), who considered themselves free, were indignant, and the princes and nobles were offended that they, it turns out, “own” not free people, but “slaves”, with whom they were connected by milk kinship (atalyism). On July 29, 1866, the rebels proclaimed the twenty-year-old Georgy Shervashidze the sovereign prince. However, the attempt to restore statehood was not successful. The uprising was suppressed by military force, and Prince George was exiled to the region of the Orenburg Cossack army. The Caucasian war and the suppression of the anti-colonial uprisings of 1866 and 1877 brought a national catastrophe to the Abkhazians. More than half of the population left their homeland and became refugees in Turkey. For thirty years, from 1877 to 1907, the Abkhazians were considered in Tsarist Russia to be the “guilty population”. Ethnically homogeneous until 1864, the country in the second half of the 19th century was colonized not only by Russians, but also by Greek, Armenian, Bulgarian, German, Estonian and other colonists. Georgians and Mingrelians poured in from the adjacent regions of Western Georgia. Then, in 1877, in the newspaper Tiflis Vestnik, a program article by the Georgian public figure Yakob Gogebashvili appeared that "the Mingrelians should be the first deputies of the evicted Abkhazians." The ethno-demographic situation in the region has changed dramatically. In 1886 Abkhazians made up 86% of the population, and in 1897 only 55%. The eviction (Caucasian Muhajirism) of the Abkhaz to the Ottoman Empire was forced. The history of the resettlement is described in the semi-documentary novel by the classic of Abkhaz literature B. Shinkuba "The Last of the Departed".

XX century By 1917, the Sukhumi district had a developed economy. During the years that the Abkhazian lands were part of the Russian Empire, a highway and railway were built from Novorossiysk through the territory of the Sukhumi district to Batum; in agriculture, tobacco growing has received great development;  at the beginning of the 20th century, there were about 400 small enterprises in the Sukhumi district. Immediately after the February Revolution of 1917, power in the Sukhumi District was in the hands of the Georgian Social Democrats (Mensheviks); The Sukhumi district committee of the Bolsheviks was formed only in May 1917. Since November 1917, the Sukhumi district was under the control of the Transcaucasian Commissariat. In March 1918, the Bolsheviks organized an armed uprising against the authorities of the Transcaucasian Commissariat, and on April 8, 1918, with the occupation of Sukhum in Abkhazia, Soviet power was proclaimed, which, however, did not last long: already on May 17, the troops of the Transcaucasian Seim entered Sukhum. Since May 26, 1918, the Sukhumi district was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic. The RSFSR recognized the Sukhumi District as part of Georgia under the Soviet-Georgian Moscow Peace Treaty of May 7, 1920. Soviet power was re-established on the territory of the Sukhumi district on March 4, 1921. On March 28, 1921, the Soviet Socialist Republic of Abkhazia was proclaimed on the territory of the Sukhum district. In February 1921, units of the Red Army entered Abkhazia. On March 4, Soviet power was again established on the territory of the Sukhum district. On March 28, 1921, the Soviet Socialist Republic of Abkhazia was proclaimed on the territory of the district. A year after the signing of a peace agreement between the RSFSR and the then Georgian Democratic Republic, on December 16, 1921, a union treaty was concluded between the SSR Abkhazia and the SSR Georgia as two equal subjects. In 1922, on equal terms with other union republics, representatives of the SSR Abkhazia participated in the formation of the USSR. On December 13, 1922, the first Constitution of the USSR was created; on December 30 of the same year, Abkhazia became part of the USSR as part of the TSFSR. After that, the CEC of the SSR of Abkhazia began to work out a detailed agreement with the SSR of Georgia on the basis of a union treaty. In the first Constitution of the SSR of Abkhazia, adopted on April 1, 1925, Art. 5, the sovereignty of the state of Abkhazia is fixed “with the exercise of state power throughout the territory independently and independently of other authorities,” at the same time, the Constitution contained clauses on the entry of the republic into the TSFSR. The constitutions of the SSR of Abkhazia and the SSR of Georgia included chapters that completely coincided in terms of equal contractual federal state-legal relations. Thus, until 1931, the SSR Abkhazia and the SSR Georgia were equal subjects bound by a union treaty. In 1931, this status was lost, Abkhazia became an autonomous republic (Abkhaz ASSR) within the Georgian SSR, which was part of the ZSFSR. The authorities of the GSSR carried out purposeful Georgianization of the Abkhaz ASSR. Georgians settled in Abkhazian villages, and also settled in Greek villages that were liberated after the deportation of Greeks from Abkhazia in 1949. The Abkhaz language (until 1950) was excluded from the secondary school curriculum and replaced by the obligatory study of the Georgian language, the Abkhaz writing was transferred to the Georgian graphic basis (in 1954 - to Cyrillic). According to the Constitution of the USSR, adopted on December 5, 1936, the TSFSR was abolished, and the Azerbaijan SSR with the Nakhichevan ASSR, the Armenian SSR and the Georgian SSR with the Abkhaz ASSR and the Adjara ASSR directly became part of the USSR. On August 2, 1937, the new "Stalinist" Constitution (Basic Law) of the Abkhaz ASSR was adopted. During the Great Patriotic War, the republic almost did not suffer; German troops managed to occupy only the highland village of Pskhu;  they were soon driven back by the Red Army. In July 1989, armed riots took place in Abkhazia, 16 people died.

Indenpendence
In 1990 Abkhazia was proclaimed the sovereign Abkhazian Soviet Socialist Republic.When Georgia announced its withdrawal from the Soviet Union in the spring of 1991, Abkhazia expressed a desire to remain in the USSR (the majority of its population participated in the referendum on the preservation of the USSR and did not participate in the referendum on the independence of Georgia) and intended to become part of a new union - the Union of Sovereign States. Disagreements led to an armed conflict (see Georgian-Abkhazian conflict). The conflict ended on September 30, 1993 with the displacement of the troops of the State Council of Georgia from the territory of Abkhazia (with the exception of the Kodori Gorge) beyond the Ingur River. A peaceful settlement was reached through the mediation of Russia and the UN only in April 1994. On August 18, 1994, an agreement on friendship and cooperation was signed in Ufa between the Republic of Abkhazia and the Republic of Bashkortostan, which stated their state sovereignty.

Today
Since October 2001, Abkhazia has been striving to join the CIS and unite with Russia on the rights of an independent associated state. Abkhazia’s independence was not recognized by the Georgian leadership, which considers Abkhazia part of the Georgian territory, nor by other UN member states. In June 2006, the heads of Abkhazia, Transnistria and South Ossetia, at a summit in Sukhum, additionally concluded a “Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance” and signed a Declaration on the Establishment of a Community for Democracy and the Rights of Peoples, which included not only economic and political cooperation between the republics, but also the creation of collective peacekeeping armed forces that could replace Russian peacekeepers and jointly repel possible military actions of “small metropolises” and attempts to resolve the situation by military means. In the summer-autumn of 2006, Georgia captured the Kodori Gorge (a quarter of Abkhazia). From April to August 2014, an internal political crisis proceeded in Abkhazia, which entered an acute stage from May 27 to June 1. During the crisis, there were riots and the seizure of government buildings in Sukhum, rallies and speeches by both opponents of the current government and its supporters; change of head of state and republican executive power. Thanks to the restraint of the opposing forces, no lethal fire was opened and there were no casualties. The political crisis in Abkhazia arose as a result of the opposition’s disagreement with the results of the presidential elections held in August-September 2019, and escalated into mass protests in January 2020.

Georgia
She is aunt of Abkhazia. They are enemies. They don't like each other.

Ossetian Twins
N. Ossetia Alania - They are siblings.

S. Ossetia - They are siblings. They helped each other in the wars.

Russia
He helped him in the war.

Nagorno Karabakh, Transnistria
They are his allies.

Trivia

 * 1) The surname was taken from his past, more precisely the Abkhazian Kindom.
 * 2) By the way, instead of a chain with a palm, Nyo!Abkhazia(Yazsa Shervashidze) has got earrings.

3. Etymology

 * Toponym "Abkhazia" as its own name, denoting the name of the region and ethnic "Abkhaz" entered the Russian language from the Georgian name Abazgia and Abazgov, one of the early Abkhaz tribes, inhabited the territory of modern Abkhazia since the 2nd century AD.


 * "Аԥсны" [апсны́][apsny] is a word with transparent etymology: "Аԥс" [aps] is the root of the self-name of the abhases "аԥсуаа" [apsūaa] and "ны"(ny) - the local suffix - the country of Apsas (Abkhazians).

4.Flag

 * Green symbolizes youth, white - spirituality, red symbolizes life, and seven stars - Seven historical regions where Abkhazians lived, seven districts.  An open white palm on a red background is a symbol of the Abkhazian statehood of the period of the Abkhazian kingdom.


 * According to the official version, the alternation of green and white stripes on the flag of the Mountain Republic is a symbol of the religious tolerance of the Caucasian peoples, where Islam (green) coexisted peacefully with Christianity (white).  Abkhazia, as an ancient Christian country, was represented on the flag of the Mountain Republic by a white stripe.  Seven five-pointed stars above the palm are the seven main regions of historical Abkhazia.