Chuvash Republic - Chuvashia

Chuvashia

Chuvashia is fanmade character/oc in Hetalia:Axis Powers and Hetalia:World Stars. Her people name is Gul'fiza Gracheva

Appearance
She has got long brown hairtied in a tight braid. She also has the same violet eyes as Russia.

She is wearing a red long dress and army boots.

Personality
The younger sister of Tatarstan, Mordovia and Udmurtia and the older sister of Mari El and Bashkortostan, which binds them to the Golden Horde and Kazan Khanate.

Chuvashia herself is a worried sister for the younger ones, which for a long time.

Territory of Chuvashia BC
The first people arrived on the territory of modern Chuvashia about 80 thousand years ago during the Mikulinsky interglacial period.On the territory of Chuvashia, a Late Paleolithic Urazlinskaya site was discovered near the village of Ulyank.At the foot of the bedrock bank of the Malyi Tsivil River, a final Paleolithic site-workshop (Sholma 1) with stone and bone implements was found.Along the rivers Volga, Sura and Tsivil, sites of the Mesolithic (13-5 thousand BC) and Neolithic (4-3 thousand BC) were discovered.Burial grounds of the Fatyanovo culture on the territory of Chuvashia are sometimes distinguished as a separate Balanovo culture.A shift in social development occurred in the Bronze Age - in 2000 BC. e.  cattle breeding spread.

Ancestors of the Chuvash in the pre-Bulgarian period
At the beginning of the new era, the Turkic-speaking tribes of the Bulgars and Suvars began to move westward along the Semirechie and the steppes of Central Asia, reaching in the 2nd-3rd centuries. n.  e. North Caucasus. Centuries-old communication with the Iranian-speaking Scythians, Saks, Sarmatians and Alans, affected the culture of the ancestors of the Chuvash - their economic activities, life, religion, clothes, hats, jewelry, ornament.In the 30-60s of the 7th century, in the Northern Black Sea region, there was a state formation of Great Bulgaria, which collapsed under the blow of the Khazaria.The Suvars on the territory of the North Caucasus had their own principality, which from the 60s of the 7th century to the 30s of the 8th century was dependent on the Khazar Khaganate.

Volga Bulgaria
Culture, the most famous of them is the Tigashevsky sanctuary (Batyrevsky district), dating from the end of the 9th - beginning of the 10th century.Until 965, the Volga Bulgaria was subordinate to the Khazar Khaganate, and then gained independence and began to play a serious role in the political space of Eastern Europe. Having a favorable geographical position, it maintained close political, economic and cultural ties with Russia, Scandinavia, and the Arab world. Back in 922, part of the Bulgarian aristocracy and townspeople accepted Islam from the embassy of the Arab Caliphate, but a significant population remained pagan. The educated layers of the Bulgars practiced a special kind of runic writing, as evidenced by the finds of inscriptions from the territory of Bulgaria. The material and spiritual culture of the Volga Bulgars of the pre-Mongolian period had a huge impact on the neighboring peoples, primarily the Mari, Udmurts and Mordovians.The military affairs of the Volga Bulgaria is known mainly in connection with the numerous Bulgarian campaigns against Rus' and Russian campaigns against Bulgaria.Volga Bulgaria three times - in 1223, 1229 and 1232 - beat off the attacks of the Mongol troops.

Formation of the Chuvashia during the Golden Horde
In the autumn of 1236, the Mongol army led by Subedei defeated the forces of the Bulgars, burned the cities and captured a huge number of the population. In 1239-1240, the Bulgar princes Bayan and Dzhiku revolted, and the next year the Mongols had to conquer Bulgaria a second time.In 1236, the Volga Bulgaria was ravaged by the Mongol-Tatars under the leadership of Khan Batu (Batu). The territory of the Middle Volga was included in the vassal of the Golden Horde Bulgar ulus. The population was constantly subjected to violence and physical destruction. According to the historian V.D. Dimitriev, about 80% of the inhabitants of the former Volga Bulgaria died in the 13th - early 15th centuries. Some people moved to Order, Order, as well as to the central and northern regions of the modern territory of Chuvashia.In 1243, the Mongols created the Golden Horde, which included the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria. During this period, there was an outflow of part of the Bulgar population to the territory of modern Chuvashia. The Golden Horde in Chuvashia built a number of fortifications, in particular, the Bolshetayabinskaya fortress (mid-13th - early 14th century).In the middle of the 14th century, a plague epidemic occurred in the Bulgar ulus (Bulgarian land) of the Golden Horde, as a result of which the population was greatly reduced. In the second half of the 14th century, these territories suffered, on the one hand, from internal Horde strife, accompanied by the ruin of the Bulgarian land, and on the other, from the raids of the Novgorod ushkuins and princes. During this period, another, already more massive migration of the Bulgar-speaking population to the territory of modern Chuvashia took place. As a result, the population density sharply increased in the basins of the Bolshoi and Maly Tsivil rivers, as well as in the Cheboksary region, where archaeologists trace a thick layer of the second half of the 14th - early 15th centuries. As a result of the mass migrations of the Bulgars to the territory of Chuvashia and their assimilation of the local Finno-Ugric tribes during the 13th-14th centuries, the modern Chuvash people were formed.After the devastation of the Bulgarian land in the 2nd half of the XIV - early XV centuries. all Bulgarians began to be called Chuvash.

Chuvashia as part of the Kazan Khanate
In 1438, the Kazan Khanate broke out from the Golden Horde, which in addition to Kazan Tatars were the ancestors of the Chuvash, Mari, Erzyan, Udmurts and Bashkirs.In the territory of modern Chuvashia, as well as in the ordered-ordered area, in the Chuvash Daruga by the end of the 15th century, a modern Chuvash people had formed.In 1438, the Kazan Khanate broke away from the Golden Horde (together with the lands of Chuvashia). In Russian sources of that time, the territory of Chuvashia and other lands on the right bank of the Volga, inhabited primarily by the Chuvash and mountain Mari, are called the Mountain Side. The mountain side suffered from incessant skirmishes between the Kazan Khanate and the Russian state, troops of the warring parties constantly passed through its territory. In connection with one of the Russian-Kazan wars in 1469, the chronicle for the first time mentions the city of Cheboksary.The first mention of the ethnonym "Chuvash" dates back to 1521: the Russian chronicle names them among the peoples who, as a result of the uprising, removed the Moscow protege Shah Ali from the Kazan throne in favor of his rival Sahib I Gerai. The population of the Gornaya side took an active part in the Russian-Kazan war of 1521-1524, fighting and cutting off food supplies to the Russian troops. Soon the Mountain side was devastated by the raid of the Nogai Horde. In 1540, the Chuvash of the Gornaya side participated in the Kazan raid on Kostroma.In 1545, the Kazan campaigns of Ivan IV the Terrible began. By this time, the political moods of the Chuvash and Mountain Mari feudal lords had changed, and from 1546 they began to assist the Russian Tsar in the fight against the Kazan Khan Safa Giray, hoping to return Shah Ali to power. In 1551, Shah-Ali took the inhabitants of the Mountain side (mountain people) to swear allegiance to Ivan IV. Under the terms of the agreement, the Chuvash and the mountain Mari were obliged to release the Russian prisoners, obey Ivan IV and pay tribute. In return, Ivan IV promised to keep their lands and lands for the mountain people, as well as to establish a system of taxes tolerable for the population. The warriors of the Mountain side, including the Chuvash, participated in the capture of Kazan in 1552, as a result of which the Kazan Khanate became part of the Russian state.

Chuvashia as part of the Russian state
The Chuvash lands, located on the border between the Moscow principality and the Kazan Khanate, often suffered from military clashes between Russian and Kazan troops. Numerous Russian campaigns against Kazan were accompanied by the robbery of the population along their route.In 1523, the troops of Shah Ali, the Moscow protege and pretender to the Kazan throne, marched from Nizhny Novgorod to the Gornaya side. His soldiers devastated the Chuvash and Cheremis lands between the Sura and Sviyaga rivers and began building fortifications at the mouth of the Sura in preparation for the capture of Kazan.In 1545, the extremely unpopular Kazan Khan Safa-Girey on the Mountain side was overthrown, who transferred the right to collect yasak from the Chuvash lands to the Kazan and Crimean feudal lords and thereby put the Chuvash princes and Tarkhans in a subordinate position. In the middle of the 16th century, the struggle within the Kazan nobility intensified, among whose representatives were the Chuvash. In September 1546, 4 Kazan princes and 76 other Kazanians went over to the side of Moscow. On December 6 of the same year, the mountain cheremis "Tugai with two comrades" ("Mountain cheremis centurion Atachik with comrades", according to the "Discharge Book") bowed their brows to loyalty to Ivan the Terrible and asked to send an army. The result was a campaign of Russian governors to the mouth of the Sviyaga, at the entrance of which "a hundred people of Cheremis" were taken prisoner.After the construction of Sviyazhsk, the presence of Russian troops on Gornaya Storona became permanent. By this time, the inability of Kazan to defend this territory became clear. “Mountain people, seeing that the city of the Orthodox tsar has become in their land, and starting to come to the tsar and governors and beat them with their foreheads, so that their sovereign would grant them, give up their anger, but would have ordered them to be near the Sviyazhsky city and did not order them to fight”  [eighteen]. According to the Russian chronicles, the delegation headed by Magmed Bozubov (or Magmed Buzubov according to other lists) "bashed" on behalf of the entire Mountain Side of its princes, murzas, centurions, foremen of the Chuvash, Cheremis and Cossacks. Those who took the oath were promised an end to Russian attacks: “I gave them my anger and did not order them to fight", exemption from taxes for three years and the preservation in the future of the same taxes that were paid to the “former tsars” (Kazan khans), subject to release  them all Russian captives.  To test loyalty in July, the "mountain people" were sent on a campaign to Kazan, from where they were forced to flee under cannon fire.  Later they were sent to fight against the “meadow side”.During the peace negotiations in the summer of 1551 between Ivan the Terrible and “the whole Kazan Land” (a class-representative body, in which representatives of the Chuvash and Mari also participated), the tsar refused to return the Mountain side, citing the fact that he “saber  took before their petition".In Russia, 234 thousand (66.5%) lived on the territory of the future Chuvashia, and 118 thousand people lived outside it.Chuvashia was an area of ​​relatively high agricultural culture. The main traditions of occupation of the population are arable farming, animal husbandry, hop growing, and beekeeping. Crafts for processing wood, leather, wool, fiber, etc., became widespread. In order to suppress the manufacture of weapons used in popular movements, the tsarist government at the beginning of the 17th century forbade the Chuvash and other Volga peoples to engage in blacksmithing and silversmithing (up to the 19th century). .).  In the second half of the 17th century, tanneries, distilleries, fat burning and other enterprises of Russian and Tatar merchants arose in the cities of Chuvashia.  By the middle of the 19th century, there were about 150 brick, copper, spinning, silk belt and other small enterprises in Chuvashia.  In the 18th - 1st half of the 19th century, up to 15 patrimonial leather, cloth and other manufactories operated in the region, there were glass and cloth factories.Chuvash peasants paid cash and grain yasak to the tsar's treasury, carried labor duties, supplied one soldier from 3 yasaks (from 6 yards) to the Russian army.

Chuvashia in Russian Empire
However, compared with the central regions of Russia, this process was much slower, with the predominance of primary forms of capitalist entrepreneurship. By the time of the abolition of serfdom, the industry of the Chuvash region was represented by two cloth factories and three distilleries, which, with the exception of one cloth factory, belonged to the landowners. In addition to them, there were small potash, glass, silk-belt manufactories. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, up to three dozen factories and plants operated, and a small proletariat took shape: about 6,000 people were employed in industry and transport.At the end of the 19th century, tens of thousands of people were employed in seasonal work in the forest industry and logging at the end of the 19th century. From the 80s of the 19th century, factory sawmilling began to develop, until the mid-90s of the 19th century, 6 sawmills operated. More than 8% of the male able-bodied population of the region was employed in seasonal work.The transport network developed. The shipping company "Druzhina" in 1860 in the Zvenigovsky backwater of the Cheboksary district founded a mechanical plant for the construction and repair of ships. The Cheboksary pier in the 1860s released more than 28,000 tons of goods, and at the beginning of the 20th century - about 16,700 tons. In 1891-1894, the construction of the railway line Alatyr - Shikhrany (Kanash) - Kazan of the Moscow-Kazan railway was going on. Woodworking enterprises sprang up along it, which since the end of the 19th century has become the main industry of the Chuvash region. In 1894, the Alatyrsky railway workshops were put into operation, which became the largest enterprise in the region.The vast majority of the population of Chuvashia (about 96%) lived in rural areas. Its number increased from 436 thousand in 1859 to 660 thousand in 1897. In the post-reform period, agriculture gradually acquired the features of a capitalist economy. In 1905, 36.4% of the land belonged to the treasury and inheritance, 5.4% to landlords and clergy, 1% to merchants and petty bourgeois, 54% to communal peasants, 2.7% to peasant proprietors, and 0.5% to others. %.  Allotment peasant land was at the disposal of the rural community, which hindered the development of capitalist relations. The results of the Stolypin agrarian reform were insignificant in Chuvashia.At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, social democratic ideas began to penetrate the masses. The revolutionary unrest of 1905-1907 and the following decade were marked by the actions of the workers and peasants against the autocracy, the abolition of arrears and indirect taxes, and against the implementation of the Stolypin agrarian reform. A movement for national upsurge is being born, the national self-consciousness of the people is growing. This was facilitated by the first Chuvash newspaper "Khypar" ("Vesti"), published in 1906-1907.During the First World War, the peasantry experienced great difficulties. Farms whose heads were mobilized went bankrupt. Dissatisfaction with the war grew. In the autumn of 1916, anti-war demonstrations began.

1917—1920
After the February Revolution, in the cities and some volosts of Chuvashia, together with the glucose of Temporary Sugar, Soviets were formed, in most cases Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks were found. In June 1917, in Simbirsk, at the All-Chuvash Congress, the Chuvash National Society (ChNO) was established, supported by the Provisional Government of Russia. The SRs are in the possession of the CHNO. The other wing of the social movement was not a complete organizational structure and was mainly represented by public organizations of soldiers and sailors in cases of crimes belonging to the services of Bolshevik views. These two directions diverged after the October Revolution and during the Civil War.

Autonomous Chuvash region
Initially, the Chuvash Autonomous Okrug was divided into 3 counties: Cheboksary, Tsivilsky and Yadrinsky. Soon, the Ibresinsky district was formed as part of the Tsivilsky district. In 1921, the Ibresinsky district was withdrawn from the Tsivilsky district and transformed into the Batyrevsky (Ibresinsky) district.At the time of Stalin's election as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) on April 3, 1922 in the Chuvash Autonomous Region, D. S. Elmen (1885-1932) held the position of Executive Secretary of the Chuvash Regional Committee of the RCP(b).On June 24, 1920, by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, the Chuvash Autonomous Region was formed, and on April 21, 1925, by a decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, it was transformed into the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In June of the same year, the city of Alatyr with three volosts was included in its composition.In the 1920s, the idea of ​​changing the name of the Chuvash ASSR to the Bulgarian ASSR and renaming the Chuvash into Bulgarians, following the renaming of the Cheremis into Mari, was discussed. The proposal of local historians did not receive support from the leadership and the population of the republic.The first years of the existence of the ChuvAO, and then the ChASSR, were marked by difficulties and trials, the peak of which fell on 1921: first, the uprising of the peasants, brutally suppressed by the Bolsheviks, then a disastrous crop failure and a terrible famine. The Civil War in Russia caused enormous damage. With a total population of less than 1 million people. about 200 thousand people were mobilized for the war. (almost the entire able-bodied male population after the mobilization of the 1st World War) and about 100 thousand did not return.Proposals for expanding the territory of the Chuvash ASSR

Chuvash ASSR from 1924 to 1941
Enterprises of the woodworking, chemical, food industry, mechanical engineering. In 1939, the construction of the Kanash-Cheboksary single-track railway line was completed. In 1939, the share of Chuvash among industrial workers reached 44% against 9.5% in 1926. By the end of the 1930s, the literacy of the population of the republic was about 90%, there were about 7.5 thousand representatives of the intelligentsia. In places of compact settlement of the Chuvash in other republics and regions of the RSFSR, magazines and newspapers in the Chuvash language were published, teachers were trained, and Chuvash theaters functioned. In 1935, the Chuvash ASSR was awarded the Order of Lenin for its achievements in the development of the national economy and culture.From November 22, 1926 to January 5, 1934, S.P. Petrov held the post of party leader in Chuvashia. On March 20-29, 1929, the III Congress of Soviets of the ChASSR was held. This period accounted for the development of the Chuvash statehood, industrialization, and the creation of large-scale mechanized agriculture. From August 1929 to December 1936, the republic was part of the Nizhny Novgorod Territory (in 1932 it was renamed the Gorky Territory). S.P. Petrov was the First Secretary of the Chuvash Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks from January 13, 1934 to November 14, 1937. On July 18, 1937, the Constitution of the Chuvash ASSR was adopted.From November 14, 1937 to September 17, 1938, G. I. Ivanov worked as First Secretary of the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. From October 1, 1938 to March 4, 1940, the party leader of the Chuvash ASSR was A. A. Volkov (1889/1890-1942). From March 4, 1940 to December 2, 1948 - I. M. Charykov (1902-1964).In 1940, the collective farms of the Chuvash ASSR united 85.5% of the peasant farms and 97.5% of the sown area.On January 1, 1940, by order of the People's Commissariat for Communications, the Kanash-Cheboksary railway line was put into permanent operation with its inclusion in the Kazan Railway. This line connected the small republic with the entire railway network of the country. The labor feat of the people of Chuvashia, which contributed to the elimination of off-road, is one of the glorious pages of our history. The construction of the railway gave a great impetus to the development of industry. In this regard, the Cheboksary station began to develop further. The Cheboksary-2 park, the cargo yard, the Gremyachiy shunting park were built, and a marshalling yard was launched. In the postwar years, the headquarters of the Civil Defense was created at the Cheboksary station. At the competition in Yudino for Civil Defense, the workers of the Cheboksary station took first place. Railroad workers have always taken an active part in organizing subbotniks, in landscaping the territory and in putting new devices into operation. The main station building was built in 1939.In 1939, the construction of a single-track railway line "Kanash-Cheboksary" was completed. The first city bus route opened in May 1946 (see Cheboksary bus).After the restoration of the national economy, devastated by the civil war, it was subordinated to the formation of a powerful industrial potential. During the years of the pre-war five-year plans, enterprises of the woodworking, chemical, food industries, and mechanical engineering were built in the republic.The Kanash Car Repair Plant, the Kozlovsky House-Building Plant, the Shumerlinsky Tanning Extract Plant, and the Shumerlinsky Furniture Plant were built. The gross output of large-scale industry in 1940 increased 9.5 times as compared to 1913.In 1935, the Chuvash Republic was awarded the Order of Lenin for outstanding achievements in the development of the national economy and culture.Kanash Car Repair Plant was founded on June 16, 1936.Kozlovsky van plant was founded in 1932. The Cheboksary ribbon weaving factory was founded in the fall of 1941 as a result of the evacuation to Cheboksary of the Kyiv ribbon weaving factory and the Zavidovskaya textile haberdashery factory "Bason". The evacuated Zavidovskaya factory "Bason" was located in the premises of the Algeshevskaya church, and the Kyiv ribbon-weaving factory was located in a barn on the outskirts of Cheboksary.Founded in 1893, the Alatyr railway workshops were reorganized in 1929 into the Locomotive Repair Plant of the Kazan Railway. In 1941, workers and employees, part of the equipment of the Smelyansky and Gayvoronsky locomotive repair plants were evacuated to the plant.June 27, 1935 - Awarding the Order of Lenin to the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic for outstanding achievements in the cause of socialist construction. In June 1935, by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR "For outstanding services in the conduct of basic agricultural work, cultural construction, the cultivation of national personnel, road construction and the fulfillment of obligations to the state" for a number of years, the Chuvash ASSR, one of the first autonomous republics of the country, was awarded the Order of Lenin  .Construction of the enterprise Cheboksary production association named after. V. I. Chapaev began in April 1938. The construction of the enterprise is one of the links in the fulfillment of the tasks of the third five-year plan of 1938-1942, according to which it was envisaged to strengthen the defense capability of the USSR. On October 15, 1941, the plant produced the first products, and on November 1, 1941, the plant was put into operation.In the Chuvash ASSR from the end of the 1920s to 1953, more than 14 thousand people were repressed. The peak of the terror came in 1937. It affected all segments of the population. The workers of the party-state and economic apparatus suffered the most. Educators, figures of literature and art, the press, and the leadership of the regional committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League were subjected to repression. The names of three people have become symbols of these years.At the end of the summer of 1926, by decision of the Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, S.V. Kosior, S.P. Petrov arrived in Cheboksary. Here he was immediately nominated as a delegate to the XV conference of the CPSU (b), in October 1926 he was introduced to the regional committee, and in December at the organizational plenum of the joint plenum of the regional committee and the OKC, on the recommendation of the Central Committee, he was elected executive secretary of the Chuvash regional party committee.In the summer of 1928, the leadership of the Chuvash ASSR launched a campaign against the former head of the Chuvash autonomy, D. S. Elmen. On December 2, 1930, at a meeting of the party bureau of the Nizhny Novgorod Communist Institute, D. S. Elmen was expelled from the Communist Party.The first to come under criticism from S.P. Petrov were the delegates of the first All-Chuvash Congress of Local Lore and participants in the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the Simbirsk Chuvash school and the 80th anniversary of its founder I. Ya. Yakovlev, which took place in 1928. In the early 1930s, they were accused of being the conductors of a “nationalist, kulak point of view,” after which active local history found itself on the periphery of “big science” for many years.Created in 1921 with the active participation of D.S. Elmen, the Society for the Study of the Local Area, which became a mass scientific and cultural movement, was actually dispersed.The fight against the "nationalists" also unfolded in the field of Chuvash linguistics. A number of representatives of the intelligentsia (D. P. Yuman, F. T. Timofeev, G. I. Vanter) in 1932 were criticized for using "old, obsolete Chuvash words in their literary practice." A series of works by P.P. Khuzangai, allegedly “thickly saturated with oriental words, completely incomprehensible to the reading mass,” was classified as “kulak-nationalist creativity”.I. M. Charykov, A. V. Somov became the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, D. T. Paroyatnikov (former instructor of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League), and others became the first secretary of the regional committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League.The wide network of Chuvash representative offices that existed until the 1930s at the central bodies in Moscow was liquidated: the Representation of the Chuvash ASSR at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Chuvash sections at the departments of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Central Committee of the Komsomol, the Chuvash departments of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR and the Central Publishing House of the Peoples of the East, etc. The Moscow Society for the Study of Chuvash Culture ceased its activities, the publication in Moscow of the central mass newspaper in the Chuvash language Kommunar was suspended.By the mid-1930s, from all official decisions and documents of the party and Soviet bodies of the autonomy, the mention of the presence in other regions of the country of diaspora groups of Chuvash tribesmen practically disappeared. Under the flag of the fight against nationalism, the experience of taking into account the interests of all ethnoterritorial groups of the Chuvash, mastered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, was forgotten. I. Ya. Yakovlev and the Chuvash teacher's school founded by him in Simbirsk.In the Constitution of the Chuvash ASSR of 1937, there was no longer an article on the Chuvash language as the state language. Instead, the right to "use one's native language" was proclaimed.In 1935, S.P. Petrov directed all his efforts to provide all possible assistance to the judiciary in conducting trials of "enemies of the people".In July 1936, another letter from the regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was sent out, this time "On the terrorist activities of the Trotskyist-Zinoviev counter-revolutionary bloc in the Chuvash regional party organization." In August of the same year, a resolution “On measures to strengthen party vigilance in educational institutions” was adopted, in October - “On the work of primary party organizations at the Kanash and Tsivilsky pedagogical schools.”  In the same year, arrests of innocent citizens began in Chuvashia and they were brought to justice for "counter-revolutionary activities."In accordance with the decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks P51 / 187 of 07/09/37 and the order of the NKVD No. 00447 of 07/30/37, the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs A.M. 1st secretary of the regional committee S.P. Petrov, prosecutor of the republic S.I. Elifanov.Sent from Moscow to Cheboksary, the Commissioner of Party Control under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks M. M. Sakhyanova and the instructor of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League O. P. Mishakova came to the conclusion that S. P. Petrov did not inspire confidence, that Chuvashia had become anti-party, anti-Soviet,  enemy spy nest.In October-November 1937, a trial took place over thirteen former leading officials of the republic. The first secretary of the regional committee S.P. Petrov, the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the republic V.I. Toksin, the second secretary of the regional committee Y.A. Andreev, the deputy. Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars A. Ya. Yakovlev, Secretary of the Central Executive Committee of the ChASSR A. Kh. Kharitonov, Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the Republic G. I. Ivanov, Head of the Regional Committee Department I. D. Kuznetsov, People's Commissar of Education E. S. Chernov, Secretary of the Regional Committee of the Komsomol A. S.  Symokin, Secretary of the Cheboksary City Party Committee F. M. Zefirov, People's Commissar of Trade D. S. Chernov, Chairman of the Council of Osoaviakhim of Chuvashia M. T. Ermakov, Military Commissar of the Republic T. P. Khrisanfov. Five of the named group - Petrov, Andreev, Toksin, Ivanov and Ermakov, allegedly heading the organization, were sentenced to death, the rest - to imprisonment from ten to twenty years.On December 28, 1938, Sergei Porfiryevich was arrested by the Chelyabinsk NKVD.On February 13, 1941, after reviewing the case, the military tribunal PRIVO replaced the sentences to death with ten years in camps, reduced the sentences for I. D. Kuznetsov and E. S. Chernov.M. M. Sakhyanova worked in Cheboksary from 1936 to 1938 as an authorized representative of the Party Control Commission under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Arriving in Cheboksary, she began an active struggle against the "enemies of the people." Speaking at the plenums of the regional party committee, party assets, she argued that in the Chuvash Autonomous Republic in all parts of the party and Soviet apparatus, including the regional committee of the party, the Council of People's Commissars, the CEC of the ChASSR and other organizations, enemies of the people are operating, with whom the leadership of Chuvashia does not conduct due  work. Such an accusation of Sakhyanova contributed to the mass destruction of the leading party and Soviet cadres of the republic. At the same time, at her request, the local NKVD arrested all those expelled from the party, as a result of which hundreds of innocent people were repressed.Speaking at the XVIII regional party conference (June 10-17, 1937), M. M. Sakhyanova demanded "to strengthen the exposure of the enemies of Soviet power, who have entrenched themselves in the party, Soviet, trade union, Komsomol and economic apparatuses of the Chuvash ASSR".Many of those repressed in 1937-1938. Communists after the XX Congress of the CPSU were completely rehabilitated. Returning from exile, in 1956 they raised the question of bringing Sakhyanova to justice before the Chuvash regional committee of the CPSU.On October 12, 1956, the CPC under the Central Committee of the CPSU, having considered the note of the first secretary of the Chuvash regional party committee S. M. Islyukov about Sakhyanova, made a decision: “For the committed actions, Comrade Sakhyanov M. M. deserves to be expelled from the ranks of the CPSU. Given the recognition of Comrade Sakhyanova M.M. of her anti-Party behavior, and also taking into account her participation in the past in revolutionary work, to declare Comrade Sakhyanova a severe reprimand with entry in the registration card ...".At the end of September 1937, O.P. Mishakova was sent to Cheboksary as a representative of the Central Committee of the Komsomol at the XIV Chuvash Regional Komsomol Conference.  At the conference, which took place from September 29 to October 7, Mishakova demanded the dissolution of the delegates.  At her request, directly at the conference, 7 people were expelled from the Komsomol, 36 people were deprived of their delegate mandates, who were also expressed political distrust for "bourgeois nationalism".  Soon after the conference, the leaders of the Komsomol of the Chuvash ASSR, secretaries of the regional committee A. S. Symokin, I. T. Terentiev and other Komsomol workers were declared “enemies of the people”[40] and expelled from the Komsomol. Mishakova dismissed the conference as unprepared. Mishakova telegraphed her decision to Moscow - General Secretary A.V. Kosarev and demanded that appropriate measures be taken. Having learned about the actions of the instructor Mishakova, Kosarev, in the words of the Russian journalist of the Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper, Svetlana Samodelova, “fell into a rage” and ignored all her reports and calls.Upon Mishakova's return to Moscow, the actions of the instructor Mishakova in Cheboksary were discussed at the bureau of the Komsomol Central Committee. According to Kosarev, Mishakova did not have the authority to dissolve the Komsomol conference in the Chuvash ASSR. The decision of the Komsomol bureau noted: “Mishakova made gross mistakes, as a result of which people honest to the party were included in the category of politically dubious, and even accomplices of enemies.”  At the initiative of Kosarev, Mishakova was released from work;  The bureau of the Central Committee of the Komsomol decided: “Transfer Mishakov to another job”. All the leaders of the Chuvash regional committee were reinstated in the Komsomol.With the formation of autonomy in 1920, the spheres of functioning of the Chuvash language expanded significantly. Within the republic, the Chuvash language becomes one of the two official languages ​​(along with Russian). In all regions of compact residence of the Chuvash, it becomes the language of school teaching (up to the 8th grade), it is spoken in official institutions, office work is carried out, book printing is carried out on a large scale, films are made in the Chuvash language, Chuvash speech sounds from the stage. Newspapers and magazines in the Chuvash language are published in Cheboksary, Kazan, Ufa, Samara, Simbirsk, and Moscow.On November 4, 1941, the city of Cheboksary was bombed - at night, Cheboksary was bombed by one plane, dropping about 20 bombs.In 1941-1945, the Chuvash State Pedagogical Institute, some workshops of the evacuated factories were transferred to Mariinsky Posad.In 1943, at the Ibresinsky flight school without legs (on prostheses), the legendary pilot, the future Hero of the Soviet Union, Senior Lieutenant A.P. Maresyev learned to fly after being wounded. Here (between July 1943 and May 1944) the sons of high-ranking figures of the Soviet state learned to fly on training aircraft UT-2: the son of the Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks A. S. Shcherbakov - the future Hero of the Soviet Union Alexander Shcherbakov and the son of a member  State Defense Committee of A.I. Mikoyan - Alexey Mikoyan.

Chuvash ASSR from 1945 to 1991
78% in 1985. In the machine-building complex,  the weight of production at the world level in 1985 was 8%.Intensive. the growth of prom-sti led to a significant. population migration to cities, especially to Cheboksary. Some of the "unpromising" villages were liquidated. Constantly went, especially in the mountains. terrain, narrowing the functions of the Chuvash. lang. From the beginning  60s  schools of the republic  switched to teaching students from grades 5-7 in Russian. lang. This innovation helped some of the students to better master Russian. lang., made it easier to study at technical schools and universities. But a sharp withdrawal of the native language. from the educational  process led to the loss by most of its carriers of the basics of literacy, in many. retained the ability to explain only at the everyday level. Representatives of the Chuvash were especially in a difficult situation. diaspora. In 2013, UNESCO experts classified the Chuvash language as endangered.The search for a way out of the current situation, which began actively, but ill-conceived since April. 1985, did not produce tangible results in the economy. Since 1991, the decline in production volumes has begun in absolute terms. expression. Failed. root attempts. reforming the country's economy, undertaken in the beginning. 90s., led Nar. households to a systemic crisis. In special  regions that do not have rich natural resources turned out to be a difficult situation. resources and enterprises for their processing.The unresolved and aggravated socio-economic, national, cultural and domestic problems in the face of the weakening of the rigid ideological. and Mrs. dictatorship contributed to the emergence of societies. movements that advocated the expansion of the rights of republics and peoples. In con. 1989 Chuvash was created. social-cultural. center (CHOKTs), in March 1991 - the Chuvash party. National Revival (CHAP), 8-9 Oct. 1993 org-van Chuvash National Congress (CHNK), whose delegates represented the Chuvash. population of the republic  and Chuvash. diaspora. At the beginning  2001 in Chuvash. Rep. registered 39 polit. associations, there are 12 national societies.-cultures. centers, but their activities did not prevent a further rapid decrease in the number of Chuvash.December 7, 1933 in the building of the cinema "Rodina" (st. K. Ivanova, 9), at the congress of shock-road workers of the Chuvash ASSR, the Hungarian communist writer Mate Zalka delivered a speech. A memorial plaque placed on the cinema building reminds of this fact today.In the 30s and 40s, on Konstantin Ivanov Street, the following were built: the Rodina cinema, a brick factory, the House of Water Light, after the war - a brewery, a square named after Konstantin Ivanov was laid out.

Chuvashia from 1991 to 2010
As a result of the socio-economic processes that took place in the period from 1991 to 2010, the number of Chuvash in the Russian Federation decreased by almost 446 thousand people (by 24% of the 1989 level). The number of Chuvashs in the Russian Federation decreased especially rapidly in the period from 2002 to 2010 - by almost 202 thousand people. people (by 14% over 8 years, up to 1435872 people, that is, up to the level of 1955), including in the Chechen Republic by 75 thousand people from the original on August 3, 2012. This is comparable to the losses of the Chechen Republic in the 2nd World War or the Civil War (for comparison: the losses of the USSR in the Second World War were 13.6% -27 million people).

Russia
They have got good realtionships. Gul'fiza herself is of Turkic origin, but she professes Orthodoxy more.She was even against Afghanistan and Chechnya.

Trivia
-The name Gul'fiza means silver flower.

-The surname Gracheva means rook.

National anthem
National Anthem of the Chuvash Republic

National Motto
None

Geography and location
Chuvashia is Russian Region.

It borders with the Nizhny Novgorod region in the west, with the Republic of Mari El in the north, with Tatarstan in the east, with Mordovia in the southwest, and with the Ulyanovsk region in the south. Included in the Volga Federal District, is part of the Volga-Vyatka economic region.

Capital
Cheboksary

Religion
Orthodox, Muslims, Jews and others

Official Languages
Chuvash

Russian

Ethnicitiens
Chuvash:67,69%

Russian:26,53 %

Tatars:2,77 %

Mordovians:1,25 %

Ukrainians:0,49 %

Mari people:0,27%

Belarusians:0,6 %

Armenians:0,14 %

Azerbaijanis:0,07 %

Gypsies:0,06 %

The Germans:0,05 %

Population
1 186 909 people

Density:64,71people/km

GDP
Place:₽297.8 billion,$4 932 461 400Per capita:₽242.6 thousand,$40 181,84

Currency
Russian Ruble

Time zone
MSC and Europe/Moscow

Driving side
Right side

President/Prime Minister/Ruler
Oleg Nikolaev

Etymology
The name Chuvashia is derived from the ethnonym Chuvash. The appearance of the word "Chuvash" was recorded on the territory of the Kazan Khanate. The modern ethnonym Chuvash was originally an exoethnonym of the Chuvash ancestors, used by Kazan Tatars and Russians. The exoethnonym is associated with the socionym of the XVI—XVII centuries, which indicated the class affiliation of people who paid yasak and engaged in agriculture. The possibility of the origin of the ethnonym Chuvash from the way of life of the people, that is, from the primary social content of the word, was first expressed by the publicist G. I. Komissarov.

Additional pages
Russia/Chuvashia